ID2+lab4

=Tunnel building=

1. Who built the first tunnels and why they were built? Roman engineers created the most extensive network of tunnels in the ancient world. They built sloping structures, called aqueducts, to carry water from mountain springs to cities and villages. They carved underground chambers and built elegant arch structures not only to carry fresh water into the city, but to carry wastewater out.

tuneles subacuaticos, tuneles subterraneos y los tuneles que atraviesan las montañas.
 * 1) What are the basic types of tunnels?

3. What are the forces that act on each type? Underwater Tunnel: Forces Water pushes on the sides of the tunnel. The tunnel's walls are squeezed by the water.

Rock Tunnel: Forces The rock walls are very dense and can support themselves. Some sections of the rock are less dense than other sections. These loose chunks of rock push on the sides of the tunnel.

Soft-Ground Tunnel: Forces The heavy, wet ground pushes on all sides of the tunnel. The tunnel's walls are squeezed by the ground.

4. What are the basic steps that an engineer must follow when building a tunnel? There are three steps to a tunnel's success. Today, engineers know that there are three basic steps to building a stable tunnel. The first step is excavation: engineers dig through the earth with a reliable tool or technique. The second step is support: engineers must support any unstable ground around them while they dig. The final step is lining: engineers add the final touches, like the roadway and lights, when the tunnel is structurally sound.

TÉCNICAS PARA LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE TÚNELES

Cuando vamos a realizar un túnel en una montaña el mejor procedimiento para este caso es utilizar Tunnel Boring Machine.

Debajo de la ciudad en el momento de elaborar un túnel la mejor manera de hacerlo es mediante Tunnel Shield.

Cuando queremos construir túneles subacuáticos debemos utilizar Tunnel Shield para facilitar el trabajo.